Daya Hambat Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) terhadap Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis

Authors

  • Roy Tamara Sarjana Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah
  • Linda Rochyani Konservasi Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah
  • Paulus Budi Teguh Prostodonsia Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah

Keywords:

Endodontic treatment, antibacterial, Stichopus hermanii, Enterococcus faecalis

Abstract

Background: Enterococcus faecalis is one caused bacteria of root canal infections. ChKM is mostly used as sterilization agent in endodontic treatment. Stichopus hermanii extract has been reported to have antibacterial effects for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, so could be potentially developed as a root canal sterilization agent. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of Stichopus hermanii extract on Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Materials and Methods: This study was an experimental study with post test only control group design and were tested by diffusion methods with 4 groups concentration of 2,5%, 3%, 3,5%, 4%, and 2 controls groups using DMSO 1% as negative control, and ChKM as positive control, each group consisted of 7 samples. The inhibition effect were examined by measure the diameter of the clear zone around the disc. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and followed by LSD test. Results: Results showed that the mean of inhibition zone at concentrations of 2,5% (7,3543 mm), 3% (8,1086 mm), 3,5% (8,7286 mm), 4% (9,4029 mm), DMSO 1% (6,0257 mm) and ChKM (25,49 mm). It had been proved that. Stichopus hermanii extract could inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis (p<0,05). The largest diameter of the clear zone was in the concentration of 4%. Conclusion: Stichopus hermanii extract could inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and the most effective inhibitory concentration is 4%.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Anitasari S dan Rahayu N.E. 2005. Hubungan Frekuensi Menyikat Gigi dengan Tingkat Kebersihan Gigi dan

Mulut Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kecamatan Palaran Kotamadya Samarinda Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Maj, Kedokteran Gigi (Den. J.), 38 (2): 90-88.

Depkes RI. 2012. Pedoman Paket Dasar Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut di Puskesmas. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Jakarta.

Available from:http://perpustakaan.depkes.go.id:8180/handle/123456789/1777. Diakses 14 Mei 2013.

Yanti N. 2004. Biokompatibilitas Larutan Irigasi Saluran Akar. Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. H. 7-1.

Bergenholtz G, et,al. 2003. Textbook of Endodontology. 2nd ed. United Kingdom:Blackwell Publisihing.

Mulyawati E. 2011. Peran Bahan Disinfeksi pada Perawatan Saluran Akar. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi, 18(2): 209205.

Wardhana DV, dkk. 2008. Daya Antibakteri Kombinasi Metronidazol, Siprofloksasin, dan Minosiklin Terhadap Enterococcus faecalis. Jurnal Ilmu Konservasi Gigi, Vol 1 (1). Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya.

Souza et al. 2005. Endodontic Therapy Associated with Calcium Hydroxide as an Intracanal Dressing: Microbiologic Evaluation by the Checkerboard DNADNA Hybridization Technique. Journal of Endodontic, 3(2): 83-79.

Squiera JF and Rocas IN. 2008. Endodontic Microbiology in : Endodontic Principles and Practice 4th ed. Michigan: Saunders. P. 46-38.

Bodrumlu E and Semiz M. 2006. Antibacterial Activity of a New Endodontic Sealer Against Enterococcus faecalis. J Can Dent Assoc, 72(7): 637 ac.

Stuart CH, et al. 2006. Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal Treatment Failure and Current Concepts in Retreatment. Journal of Endodontics, Vol 32(2). The University of Texas Health Science Center. Texas: San Antonio.

Rocas IN, et al. 2004. Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases. The American Association of Endodontics,30(5): 5-1.

Sedgley CM, et al. 2005. Virulence, Phenotype and Genotype Characteristics of Endodontic Enterococcus spp. Oral Microbiology Immunologi, 20: 10-9.

Kayaoglu G and Orstavik D. 2004. Virulence Factors of Enterococcus faecalis: Relationship of Endodontic

Disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, Vol 15(5): 308-20.

Beatrice dan Lusiana. 2010. Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa.Scheff (Boerl))

terhadap Enterococcus faecalis Sebagai Bahan Medikamen Saluran Akar Secara In Vitro. Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. H. 3-1.

Cogulu D, et al. 2007. Detection of Enterococcus faecalis in Necrotic Teeth Root Canals by Culture and Polymerase

Chain Reaction Methods. European Journal of Dentistry.

Walton dan Torabinejad. 2008. Prinsip dan Praktik Ilmu Endodontia. Edisi 3. Jakarta: EGC.

Grossman, et al. 2010. Endodontics Practice. 12 th ed. New Delhi: WoltersKluwer Health.

Devine DA and Marsh PD. 2009. Prospects for The Development of Prosbiotics and Prebiotics For Oral Applications. Journal of Oral Microbiol, 1: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.1949.

Purwati. dkk. 2008. Katalog Timun Laut Anggota Ordo Aspidochirotida (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea). Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi. LIPI. Jakarta.

Farouk AE, et al. 2007. New Bacterial Species Isolated from Malaysian Sea Cucumber with Optimized Secreted Antibacterial Activity. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 3(20): 65-60.

Brilliantin A. 2011. Daya Hambat Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah. Surabaya.22. Muttaqien W. 2011. Daya Hambat Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus

hermanii) terhadap Mixed periodontopathogen. Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah,Surabaya.

Wawolumaya JT. 2012. Potensi Antibakteri pada Beberapa Jenis Teripang (Stichopus spp.) yang Berasal dari Perairan Lampung Selatan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Padjadjaran.

Revianti S dan Parisihni K. 2012. Kajian Bioaktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Teripang pada Kandidiasis Oral. Penelitian Hibah Fundamental.

Harjanti RS. 2008. Pemungutan Kurkumin dari Kunyit (Curcuma domestica val.) dan Pemakaiannya sebagai Indikator Analisis Volumetri.

Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 2(2): 49-54

Kumala S dan Indriani D. 2008. Efek Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cengkeh (Eugenia aromatic L). Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 4(2): 87-82.

Dahlan S. 2012. Statistik untuk kedokteran dan kesehatan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. H. 87

Patel, dkk. 2009. Evaluation of some medicinal plants used in traditional wound healing preparations for antibacterial property against some pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology Research, 1 (1): 012-007.

Laila AN. 2012. Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Lama Perendaman Infusa Daun Sirih (Piper betle Linn.) terhadap Total Bakteri dan Sifat Organoleptik pada Ikan Bawal (Formio niger). Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Muhammadiyah. Semarang.

Rizal MB. 2012. Komposisi Senyawa Organik dan Anorganik Ekstrak Teripang Pasir dan Teripang Emas yang Biokompatibel terhadap Jaringan Pulpa. Skripsi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah. Surabaya.

Bachtiar SY, dkk. 2012. Pengaruh Ekstrak Alga Cokelat (Sargassum sp.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli. Journal of Marine and Coastal Science, 1(1): 60-53.32. Sembiring BB. 2009. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Bahan Pengisi dan Cara Pengeringan terhadap Mutu Ekstrak

Kering Sambiloto. Bul. Littro, 20(2): 181173.

Mamahit L. 2009. Satu Senyawa Steroid dari Daun Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) Asal Sulawesi Utara. Ejurnal Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Vol 2(1): 3833.

Budi FS, dkk. 2011. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah AsamKalimbawan (Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq) Hallier F) terhadap DPPH.

Available from http://beliebet.wordpress.com/2011/07/12/uji-aktivitas-antioksidan-ekstrak-buahasam-kalimbawan-sarcothecadiversifolia-miq-hallier-f-terhadap-dpph/.Diakses 12 November 2013.

Murhadi, 2007. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanta) dan Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius). Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan, p 7-24

Saleh MR. 2013. Perbandingan Kadar Glikosaminoglikan dan Triterpene Glycoside pada Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) dengan Pelarut Etanol (Polar) dan Heksana (Non polar). Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah, Surabaya.

Bordbar S. 2011. High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods – A Review. Marine Drugs. P. 1805-1761.

Marnoto T. 2012. Ekstraksi Tannin sebagai Bahan Pewarna Alami dari Tanaman Putrimalu (Mimosa pudica) Menggunakan Pelarut Organik. Reaktor,14(1). P. 45-39.

Acumedia. 2011. Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (7115). PI 7115 Rev 4.

Osswald R. 2005. The Problem of Endodontitis and Managing It Through Conservative Dentistry. P. 144-134.

Rinawati DW. 2011. Daya Hambat Tumbuhan Majapahit (Crescentia cujute L.) terhadap Bakteri Vibrio alginolycticus. Skripsi Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November Surabaya. Jawa Timur.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-01

How to Cite

Roy Tamara, Linda Rochyani, & Paulus Budi Teguh. (2021). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) terhadap Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis . DENTA JURNAL KEDOKTERAN GIGI, 9(1), 37–47. Retrieved from https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/200

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2015): Februari

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2015 DENTA

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Dengan menggunakan Hak Lisensi (sebagaimana didefinisikan di bawah), Anda menerima dan setuju untuk terikat oleh syarat dan ketentuan Lisensi Publik Internasional Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 ini ("Lisensi Publik"). Sejauh Lisensi Publik ini dapat diartikan sebagai suatu kontrak, Anda diberikan Hak Lisensi dengan mempertimbangkan penerimaan Anda terhadap syarat dan ketentuan ini, dan Pemberi Lisensi memberikan Anda hak tersebut dengan mempertimbangkan manfaat yang diterima Pemberi Lisensi dari penyediaan Materi Berlisensi berdasarkan syarat dan ketentuan ini.

Bagian 1 – Definisi.

  1. Materi Adaptasi  berarti materi yang tunduk pada Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa yang berasal dari atau berdasarkan Materi Berlisensi dan di mana Materi Berlisensi tersebut diterjemahkan, diubah, disusun, ditransformasi, atau dimodifikasi dengan cara lain yang memerlukan izin berdasarkan Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa yang dimiliki oleh Pemberi Lisensi. Untuk tujuan Lisensi Publik ini, jika Materi Berlisensi berupa karya musik, pertunjukan, atau rekaman suara, Materi Adaptasi selalu diproduksi di mana Materi Berlisensi tersebut disinkronkan dalam hubungan waktu dengan gambar bergerak.
  2. Lisensi Adaptor  berarti lisensi yang Anda terapkan pada Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa dalam kontribusi Anda pada Materi Adaptasi sesuai dengan syarat dan ketentuan Lisensi Publik ini.
  3. Lisensi Kompatibel BY-SA  berarti lisensi yang tercantum di  creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses , yang disetujui oleh Creative Commons sebagai padanan hakiki dari Lisensi Publik ini.
  4. Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa  berarti hak cipta dan/atau hak serupa yang berkaitan erat dengan hak cipta, termasuk, namun tidak terbatas pada, hak pertunjukan, hak siaran, hak rekaman suara, dan Hak Basis Data Sui Generis, tanpa memperhatikan bagaimana hak tersebut diberi label atau dikategorikan. Untuk tujuan Lisensi Publik ini, hak-hak yang disebutkan dalam Pasal  2(b)(1)-(2)  bukan merupakan Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa.
  5. Langkah-Langkah Teknologi yang Efektif  berarti langkah-langkah yang, jika tidak ada kewenangan yang tepat, tidak dapat dielakkan berdasarkan hukum yang memenuhi kewajiban berdasarkan Pasal 11 Perjanjian Hak Cipta WIPO yang diadopsi pada tanggal 20 Desember 1996, dan/atau perjanjian internasional serupa.
  6. Pengecualian dan Batasan  berarti penggunaan wajar, perlakuan wajar, dan/atau pengecualian atau batasan lain terhadap Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa yang berlaku untuk penggunaan Anda atas Materi Berlisensi.
  7. Elemen Lisensi  berarti atribut lisensi yang tercantum dalam nama Lisensi Publik Creative Commons. Elemen Lisensi dari Lisensi Publik ini adalah Atribusi dan Berbagi Serupa.
  8. Materi Berlisensi  berarti karya seni atau sastra, basis data, atau materi lain yang kepadanya Pemberi Lisensi menerapkan Lisensi Publik ini.
  9. Hak Berlisensi  berarti hak yang diberikan kepada Anda sesuai dengan syarat dan ketentuan Lisensi Publik ini, yang terbatas pada semua Hak Cipta dan Hak Serupa yang berlaku untuk penggunaan Anda atas Materi Berlisensi dan yang Pemberi Lisensi berwenang untuk melisensikannya.
  10. Pemberi lisensi  berarti individu atau badan yang memberikan hak berdasarkan Lisensi Publik ini.
  11. Berbagi  berarti menyediakan materi kepada publik melalui cara atau proses apa pun yang memerlukan izin berdasarkan Hak Lisensi, seperti reproduksi, tampilan publik, pertunjukan publik, distribusi, penyebaran, komunikasi, atau impor, dan menyediakan materi kepada publik termasuk dengan cara yang memungkinkan anggota publik mengakses materi tersebut dari suatu tempat dan pada waktu yang mereka pilih sendiri.
  12. Hak Basis Data Sui Generis  berarti hak-hak selain hak cipta yang timbul dari Direktif 96/9/EC Parlemen Eropa dan Dewan tanggal 11 Maret 1996 tentang perlindungan hukum basis data, sebagaimana telah diubah dan/atau digantikan, serta hak-hak lain yang pada hakikatnya setara di mana pun di dunia.
  13. Anda  berarti individu atau entitas yang menjalankan Hak Lisensi berdasarkan Lisensi Publik ini.  "Anda"  memiliki arti yang sesuai.

Bagian 2 – Ruang Lingkup.

  1. Pemberian lisensi .
    1. Tunduk pada syarat dan ketentuan Lisensi Publik ini, Pemberi Lisensi dengan ini memberikan Anda lisensi yang berlaku di seluruh dunia, bebas royalti, tidak dapat disublisensikan, tidak eksklusif, dan tidak dapat dibatalkan untuk melaksanakan Hak Lisensi dalam Materi Berlisensi untuk:
      1. memperbanyak dan Membagikan Materi Berlisensi, secara keseluruhan atau sebagian; dan
      2. memproduksi, memperbanyak, dan Berbagi Materi yang Diadaptasi.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. Additional offer from the Licensor – Adapted Material. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter’s License You apply.
      3. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
  2. ShareAlike.

    In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.

    1. The Adapter’s License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.
    2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material.
    3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Bagian 7 – Syarat dan Ketentuan Lainnya.

  1. Pemberi Lisensi tidak akan terikat oleh ketentuan atau persyaratan tambahan atau berbeda yang dikomunikasikan oleh Anda kecuali disetujui secara tegas.
  2. Segala pengaturan, kesepahaman, atau perjanjian mengenai Materi Berlisensi yang tidak dinyatakan di sini terpisah dari dan independen dari syarat dan ketentuan Lisensi Publik ini.

Bagian 8 – Interpretasi.

  1. Untuk menghindari keraguan, Lisensi Publik ini tidak, dan tidak akan ditafsirkan untuk, mengurangi, membatasi, mengekang, atau memaksakan ketentuan pada penggunaan Materi Berlisensi yang secara sah dapat dilakukan tanpa izin berdasarkan Lisensi Publik ini.
  2. Sedapat mungkin, jika ada ketentuan dalam Lisensi Publik ini yang dianggap tidak dapat diberlakukan, ketentuan tersebut akan secara otomatis direformasi hingga batas minimum yang diperlukan agar dapat diberlakukan. Jika ketentuan tersebut tidak dapat direformasi, ketentuan tersebut akan dihapus dari Lisensi Publik ini tanpa memengaruhi keberlakuan syarat dan ketentuan lainnya.
  3. Tidak ada syarat atau ketentuan Lisensi Publik ini yang akan diabaikan dan tidak ada kegagalan untuk mematuhi yang disetujui kecuali disetujui secara tegas oleh Pemberi Lisensi.
  4. Tidak ada satu pun dalam Lisensi Publik ini yang merupakan atau boleh ditafsirkan sebagai pembatasan atau pengesampingan hak istimewa dan kekebalan apa pun yang berlaku bagi Pemberi Lisensi atau Anda, termasuk dari proses hukum di yurisdiksi atau otoritas mana pun.

Most read articles by the same author(s)