Effectivity of Stichopus hermanii Supplementation to Prevent Oral Candidiasis on Rats

Authors

  • Paramita Devi Oktaviani Sarjana Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya
  • Endah Wahjuningsih Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya
  • Dwi Andriani Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya

Keywords:

Stichopus hermanii, Oral candidiasis, Tongue, Candida albicans, Thickness of Epithelium

Abstract

Background: Candida albicans is normal flora of oral cavity that can be pathogenic due to predisposition influence so that trigger Oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii suspected as an Oral candidiasis therapy because it contain antioxidant compound, antitumor and antifungi. Objective: Analyzing the effectiveness of Stichopus hermanii supplementation as a protective effect of oral candidiasis in Rats exposure to smoke. Materials and Methods: This experiment is post test only group control design using 35 male rats divided into 5 groups(X). X1 (negative control), X2 (positive control), X3 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,0225mg/kgBB), X4 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,045mg/kgBB), X5 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB). Candida albicans induced into the mouth by an oral swab using cotton bud 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Smoke exposure as a predisposition factor be given 3 bars per day for 8 weeks. The rats being killed and tongue biopsies measure the thickness of tongue epithelium. The obtained data analyzation using One Way ANOVA and LSD test. Result: There is a significant difference (p<0.05) between X1 and X2, X1 and X3, X1 and X4, X1 and X5, X2 and X3, X2 and X4, X2 and X5, X3 and X5. Conclusion: Adduction of Stichopus hermanii capable of reducing risk of Oral candidiasis. Supplementation of Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB is the most effective reduce thickness of the tongue epithelium in the group that exposure to smoke and induced of Candida albicans.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Djoka RM, Lampus BS, Mintjekungan C. Gambaran Perokok dan Angka Kejadian Lesi Mukosa Mulut di Desa Monsongan Kecamatan Banggai Tengah. Jurnal e-GiGi (eG). 2013; 1(1): 44-38.

Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwel VW. Biokimia Harper. Edisi 25. Jakarta. EGC. h.609-612.

Abegg MA, Gil APV, Anderson C, Jaqueline H, Boeira ST, Schäfer HF. 2010. Response to Oxidative Stress in Eight Pathogenic Yeast Spesies of the Genus Candida. Mycopathologia. 2010; 170: 20-11.

Abraham CM. Advances and Emerging Techniques in the Identification, Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Candidiasis. The Open Pathology Journal. 2011;5:1-8.

Komariah RS. Kolonisasi Candida dalam Rongga Mulut. Majalah Kedokteran FK UKI. 2012; XXVIII(1): 47-39.

Akpan A, Morgan R. Oral candidiasis. Postgrad Med J. 78:455–459. 2002 [Cited 12 March 2015]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1742467/pdf/v078p00455.pdf.

Nagao T, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Hashimoto S, Shimazato K, Warnakulasuriya S. Incidence Rates for Oral Leukoplakia and Lichen Planus in A Japanese Population. Journal of Oral Pathology and Madicine Vol.34(9), p.532-539. 2005 [Cited July 6 2015]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00349.x/abstract.

Sitheeque MAM, Samaranayake LP. Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis/ candidiasis (Candidal Leukoplakia). Critical Reviews In Oral Biology And Medicine, v. 14 n. 4, p. 253-267. 2003 [13 March 2015]. Available from: http://www.exodontia.info/files/Critical_Reviews_In_Oral_Biology_Medicine_2003._Chronic_Hyperplastic_Candidosis-Candidiasis_Candidal_Leukoplakia_.pdf.

Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Patil BG, Raju R. Candida in Oral Pre-Cancer and Cancer. Medical Hypotheses 77. 1125–1128. 2011 [Cited 17 March 2015]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978967.

Bruckner AW. Proceedings of The CITES Workshop on The Conservation of Sea Cucumbers in the Families Holothuriidae and Stichopodidae. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFSOPR 34: 20-29. 2006 [15 March 2015]. Available from http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/nmfsopr34.pdf.

Junus N. 2012. Sistem Hukum Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut Menurut Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah. Jurnal Inovasi. 9(2):1-9. 2012 [March 16, 2015]. Available from: http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/JIN/article/view/718. Accessed

Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R. 2012. Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. J Dent Res. 2012; 91(2):149-142.

Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012; 5(1): 19-9.

Hawa I, Zulaikhah M, Jamaludin M, Zainal Abidin AA, Kaswandi MA, Ridzwan BH. The Potensial of The Poelomic Fluid in Sea cucumber as an Antioxidant. Mal J Nutr. 1999; 5: 59-55.

Parisihni K, Revianti S, Pringgenies D. The Antifungal Effect of Stichopus hermanii Extract to Candida albicans In Vitro. Prosiding pada Hiroshima Confrence on Education Science in Dentistry. 2013: 13-12.

Parisihni K, Revianti S, Pringgenies D. Daya Anti Jamur Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) terhadap Candida albicans In ViVo. Prosiding Simposium Nasional “Peluang dan Tantangan Obat Tradisional dalam Pelavanan Kesehatan Formal”. 2014. h.129-123.

Putri DI. Efek Proteksi Ekstrak Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii) terhadap Kadar Malondialhida (MDA) pada Kelenjar Parotis Tikus Wistar Akibat Stresor pada Rongga Mulut [Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya.

Bordbar S, Anwar F, Saari N. High Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods-A Review. Mar Drugs. 2011; 9: 1805-1761. Available fromhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1660-3397%2F9%2F10%2F1761%2Fpdf&ei=I0lPVdjdDNC5uATw24DQDQ&usg=AFQjCNETixf7IIxbK5HgaPfbNM8SC4cLJA&sig2=YzCx1Sb1-erCY0hf_82ERA&bvm=bv.92885102,d.c2E. Accessed. March 16, 2015

Zou Z, Yi Y, Wu H, Wu J, Liaw C, Lee K. 2003. Intercedensides A–C, three new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Mensamaria intercedens Lampert. J. Nat. Prod, 66, 1055–1060. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np030064y. Accessed. April 16, 2015

Aminin DL, Menchinskaya ES, Pisliagin EA, Silchenko AS, Avilov SA, Kalinin VI. 2015. Anticancer activity of Sea Cucumber Triterpen Glycosides. Mar Drugs. 2015 mar 6;13(3):1202-23. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25756523. Accessed. May 16, 2015.

Winarni Dwi, Handono Cipto Dwi, Sugiharto, 2013. Efek Imunostimulatori Beberapa Fraksi Teripang Lokal Phyllophorus sp Terhadap Histologi Limfa Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Diinfeksi Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Media Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi FST Volume: 1-No.1 Terbit: 1: 1-13.

Takakura N, Wakabayashi H, Ishibashi H, Teraguchi S, Tamura Y, Yamaguchi H, Abe S. 2003. Oral Lactoferrin treatment of experimental Oral Candidiasis in Mice. Antimicrobial, Agents and Chemotheraphy. Aug. 2003: 2619-2623. Available from http://aac.asm.org/content/47/8/2619.full.pdf+html. Accessed. May 5, 2015.

Reily JS. 2003. Euthanasia of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching. Australia. p.46.

Taguchi K, Maruyama T, Iwao Y, Sakai H, Kobayashi K, Horinouchi H, Tsuchida E, Kai T, Otagiri M. 2009. Pharmacokinetics of single and repeated injection of hemoglobin-vesicles in hemorrhagic shock rat model. Journal of Controlled Release Vol. 136, issue 3, 19 June 2009: 232-239. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19245823. Accessed May 8, 2015.

Mallon FM. 2013. Investigation and Animal Care Training. Villanova University. p.31.

Carrard VC, Pires AS, Badauy M, Rados PV, Lauxen IS, Fihlo MS. 2008. Efects of Aging on Mouse Tongue Epithelium Focusing on Cell Proliferation Rate and morphological Aspects. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 49(4): 199-205. Available from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manoel_Filho2/publication/24406931_Effects_of_aging_on_mouse_tongue_epithelium_focusing_on_cell_proliferation_rate_and_morphological_aspects/links/0c96053760eff9db27000000.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2015

Ridwan E. 2013. Etika Pemanfaatan Hewan Percobaan dalam Penelitian. J Indon Mad Assoc, Volum : 63, No 3, Maret 2013.

Rukmini A, 2007. Regenerasi Minyak Goreng Bekas Dengan Arang Sekam Menekan Kerusakan Organ Tubuh. Seminar Nasional Teknologi 2007. ISSN 1978-9777. h. 60.

Suwandi T. 2012. Pemberian Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosela Menurunkan Malondialdehid pada Tikus yang diberi Minyak Jelantah. Tesis. Universitas Udayana Denpasar. p.89-90.

Inggriani N. 2012. Pemberian Ekstrak Biji Irvingia gobonensis Mencegah Kenaikan Berat Badan dan Berat Lemak Abdominal pada Tikus Jantan yang Diberi Diet Tinggi Karbohidrat dan Lemak. Tesis. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.

Guyton AC. 2001. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran (Indera Kimia Pengecapan dan Penciuman). Alih Bahasa : Irawati Setiawan. Jakarta. EGC. p.841-6.

Calo LA, Pagnin E, Davis PA, Semplicini A, Nicolai R, Calvani M, Pessina AC. 2006. Antioxidant effect of L-carnitine and its short chain esters: relevance for the protection from oxidative stress related cardiovascular damage. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Feb 8;107(1):54-60.Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16337498. Accessed January 15, 2016.

Naderi JN, Semyari H, Elahinia Z. 2015. The Impact of Smoking on Gingiva: a Histopathological Study. Iranian Journal of Pathology (2015) 10 (3), 214 - 220. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539769/. Accessed February 14, 2016.

Alanazi H, Semlali A, Perraud L, Chmielewski E, Zakrzewski A, Rouabhia A. 2014. Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Candida albicans Increased Chitin Production and Modulated Human Fibroblast Cell Responses. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 963156: 1-11. Available from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/963156/. Accessed. March 17, 2015.

Mjor LA and Fejerskov IO. 1991 Embriologi dan Histologi Rongga Mulut (terjemahan). Cetakan I, Widya Medika, Jakarta. p.190-226.

Greenberg MS, Glick M, Ship JA. 2008. Burket’s Oral Medicine 11th ed. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc. p.79.

Hagerman AE, 2002. Tannin Chemistry. Handbook. Miamy University, Oxford. h. 16-18.

Khan MM, Naqvi TS, Naqvi MS. 2012. Identification of Phytosaponins as Novel Biodynamic Agents: An Updated Preview. Asian J.Exp.Biol.Sci 3(3) 2012: 459-467. Available from http://www.ajebs.com/vol3%283%29/1.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2015.

Mailandari M. 2012. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Garcinia kydia Roxb. Dengan Metode DPPH dan Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Fraksi yang Aktif. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia. Depok. p.9.

Makaryati R. 2014. Potensi Antioksidan Eksrak Etanol Daun Kemuning (Murraya panniculata L.) dan Kulit Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dengan Metode FTC dan DPPH. Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhamadiyah Surakarta. Surakarta. p.4.

Arif T, Bhosale JD, Kumar N, Mandal TK, Bendre RS, Lavekar GS, Dabur R. 2009. Natural Products-Antifungal Agents Derived From Plants. Journal of Natural Products Research Vol.11. No.7. July: 621-638. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20183299. Accessed. March 30, 2015.

EFSA. 2010. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Product, Nutrition and Allergic (NDA). EFSA Journal 2010; 8 (10): 1814: 1-28.

Riordan HD, Mikirova N, Taylor PR, Feldkamp CA, Casciari JJ. 2012. The effects of a Primary Nutritional Deficiency (Vitamin B Study). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2012,3,1238-1244. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fsn.2012.39163. Accessed December 26, 2015.

Widodo A. 2011. Budidaya Teripang Khasiat dan Cara Olah untuk Pengobatan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press. p.2-3, 12-22.

Sendih S, Gunawan. 2006. Keajaiban Teripang Penyembuh Mujarab Dari Laut. Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka. p.31.

Maghfiroh A. 2014. Efektivitas Pemberian Gel Ekstrak Etanol Teripang Emas Terhadap Peningkatan Jumlah Sel Osteoblas pada Proses Penyembuhan Luka 47. Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim SW, Wu G. 2007. Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of Nutrition (2007), 98, 237–252. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yulong_Yin/publication/51384857_Amino_acids_and_immune_function/links/09e4151008381cf3a6000000.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2015.

Zhong Z, Wheeler MD, Li XL, Froh M, Schemmer P, Yin M, Bunzendaul H, Bradford B, Lemasters JJ. 2003. Glycine: a novel anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6, 229–240. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12589194. Accessed December 27, 2015

Kim SW, Mateo RD, Yin YL, Wu G. 2007. Functional amino acids and fatty acids for enhancing production performance of sows and piglets. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 20, 295–306. Available from http://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/20-40.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015.

Jas A. 2009. Perihal Resep & dosis. Medan. USU press. p.1-10.

Downloads

Published

2021-08-12

How to Cite

Paramita Devi Oktaviani, Endah Wahjuningsih, & Dwi Andriani. (2021). Effectivity of Stichopus hermanii Supplementation to Prevent Oral Candidiasis on Rats. DENTA JURNAL KEDOKTERAN GIGI, 12(1), 9–15. Retrieved from https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/69

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018): Februari

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2018 Universitas Hang Tuah

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.
  3. BY-SA Compatible License means a license listed at creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License.
  4. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  5. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  6. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  7. License Elements means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike.
  8. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  9. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  10. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  11. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  12. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  13. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and
      2. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. Additional offer from the Licensor – Adapted Material. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter’s License You apply.
      3. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
  2. ShareAlike.

    In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.

    1. The Adapter’s License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.
    2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material.
    3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Most read articles by the same author(s)