Perbedaan Kitosan Berat Molekul Rendah dan Tinggi Terhadap Jumlah Sel Limfosit pada Proses Penyembuhan Luka Pencabutan Gigi

Authors

  • Felinda Gunawan Sarjana Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah
  • Sularsih Ilmu Material dan Teknologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah
  • Soemartono Bedah Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah

Keywords:

Chitosan, molecular weight, lymphocyte cell, wound healing

Abstract

Background: Molecular weight is one of the chitosan characteristic that affects the effectiveness application for wound healing of dental extraction. Chitosan could improve wound healing process because of its anti inflammation property and improve proliferation phase. Lymphocyte cell is one of the main cells that act during inflammatory phase. Purpose: the aim of this experiment is to account lymphocyte cell in wound healing of dental extraction using chitosan with different molecular weight. Materials and Methods: 54 Male Rattus Norvegicus were divided into 3 groups. Group I is control group (without chitosan). Group II
was given low molecular weight chitosan. Group III was given high molecular weight chitosan. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation on day 5 and day 7 post extraction then they were examined histopatologically to see the change in lymphocyte cell number. Result: Data were statistically analyzed with One Way ANOVA and LSD with degree of significant p< 0,05 showed significant difference between high molecular weight chitosan group and low molecular weight chitosan group after 5 and 7 days observation. Conclusion: High molecular weight chitosan was found more effective to decrease lymphocyte cell amounts more than low molecular weight chitosan in wound healing of dental extraction process.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Gosain A, DiPietro LA. 2004. Aging and Wound Healing. World J Surg, 28: 326321.

Guo S, Dipietro LA. 2010. Factors affecting Wound Healing. J Dent Res, 89(3): 229-219.3. Djamaluddin AM. 2009. Pemanfaatan

Khitosan dari Limbah Krustasea untuk Penyembuhan Luka pada Mencit (Musmusculus albinus). Skripsi, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. H. 8.

Farina R, Trombelli L. 2011. Wound healing of extraction sockets. EndodonticTopics. Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Ipswich, MA, 25(1): 43-16.

Budianto B. 2013. Pengaruh Kitosan Gel1% yang Memiliki Berat Molekul Tinggi dan Rendah Terhadap Jumlah Sel Osteoblas pada Proses Penyembuhan Luka Pencabutan Gigi. Skirpsi, Universitas Hang Tuah, Surabaya. H. 38,22.

Steiner GG, Francis W, Burrell R, Kallet MP, Steiner DM, Macias R. 2008. The Healing Socket And Socket Regeneration. Available from

www.Endoexperience.com/userfiles/file/unnamed/The%20Healing%20Socket%20And%20Socket%20Regeneration.pdf.

Ayu DA. 2011. Kesehatan Gingiva pada Pengguna Gigi Tiruan Cekat di Pulang Kodingareng. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hasanuddin. Makassar. Available from http://repository.unhas.ac.id/handle/123456. Diakses 9 September 2013.

Chawaf BA. 2011. Healing of human extraction sockets augmented with BioOss Collagen after 6 and 12 weeks. Dissertation, Universitätsmedizin Berlin. P.8-1.

Sularsih. 2011. Penggunaan Kitosan dalam Proses Penyembuhan Luka Pencabutan Gigi Rattus Norvegicus. Tesis, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. H. 48-42.

Budi hargono O, Yuliati A, dan Rianti D. 2013. Peningkatan Mobilisasi Sel Polimorfonuklear Setelah Pemberian Gel

Kitosan 1% pada Luka Pencabutan Gigi Cavia Cobaya. Material Dental Journal Universitas Airlangga January: 6-1.

Alsarra IA. 2009. Chitosan Topical Gel Formulation in the Management of Burn Wounds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 45: 21-16.

Prashanth RN, Tharanathan H. 2007. Chitin/Chitosan: Modifications and Their Unlimited Application Potential an

Overview. Trends in Food Science & Technology 18, 117131.

Kim F. 2004 . Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Crawfish Chitosan as Affected by DifferentProcessing Protocols. Thesis, Lousiana State University. H. 7-6.

Dai T, et al. 2011. Chitosan Preparations for Wounds and Burns: antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects. Expert Rev Anti

Infect Ther, 9(7):879- 857.

Chattopadhyay DP and Inamdar MS. 2012. Studies on Synthesis, Characterization and Viscosity Behaviour of Nano Chitosan. Res. J. Engineering Sci., 1(4), 15-9.

Maeda Y, Kimura Y. 2004. Antitumor Effects of Various LowMolecular-Weight Chitosans Are Due to Increased Natural Killer Activity of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Sarcoma 180– Bearing Mice. J. Nutr. 134: 950–945.

Suryadi IA, Asmarajaya AAGN, Maliawan S. 2013. Proses Penyembuhan dan Penanganan Luka. Bagian/SMF Ilmu Penyakit Bedah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana/Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Sanglah Denpasar. Available from http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eum/articl

e/download/4885/3671. Diakses 26 Juni 2013.

Agramula G. 2008. Aktivitas Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Batang Pohon Pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum) dalam Proses Persembuhan Luka Mencit. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/3352. Diakses 25 September 2013. H.46.

Ariani MD, Yuliati A, Adiarto T. 2009. Toxicity Testing of Chitosan from Tiger Prawn Shell Waste on Cell Culture. Dent.

J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi), 42(1): 20-15.20. Pierce S. 2006. Euthanasia of Mice and Rats. P.1. Available from http://www.bu.edu/orccommittees/iacuc/p

olicies-andguidelines/euthanasia-ofrodents/. Diakses 29 Juli 2013.

Albert. 2011. Pengaruh Konsentrasi H202 dan Konsentrasi Asam Asetat dalam Proses Pembuatan Kitosan. Skripsi, Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan. Available from http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/29148. Diakses 9 Juni 2013.

Aranaz I, Mengíbar M, Harris R, Paños I, Miralles B, Acosta N, Galed G dan Heras Á. 2009. Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan. Current Chemical Biology, 3: 230-203.

Larjava H. 2012. Oral Wound Healing : Cell Biology and Clinical Management. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. P. 47.

Freier T, Koh HS, Kazazian K, Shoichet MS. 2005. Controlling cell adhesion and degradation of chitosan films by Nacetylation. Biomaterials

:5878-5872.

Mori T, Murakami M, Okumura M, Kadosawa T, Uede T, Fujinaga T. 2005. Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Chitin Derivates. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 67(1):56-51.

Kumar V, Abbas AK, dan Aster JC. 2011. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. P. 72-29.

Alemdaroglu C, Degim Z, Celebi N, Zor F, Ozturk S, Erdogan D. 2006. An investigation on burn wound healing in rats with chitosan gel formulation containing epidermal growth factor. Burns, 32: 319-32.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-01

How to Cite

Felinda Gunawan, Sularsih, & Soemartono. (2021). Perbedaan Kitosan Berat Molekul Rendah dan Tinggi Terhadap Jumlah Sel Limfosit pada Proses Penyembuhan Luka Pencabutan Gigi . DENTA, 9(1), 113–121. Retrieved from https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/213

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2015): Februari

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2015 DENTA

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.
  3. BY-SA Compatible License means a license listed at creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License.
  4. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  5. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  6. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  7. License Elements means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike.
  8. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  9. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  10. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  11. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  12. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  13. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and
      2. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. Additional offer from the Licensor – Adapted Material. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter’s License You apply.
      3. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
  2. ShareAlike.

    In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.

    1. The Adapter’s License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.
    2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material.
    3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.